For the past 2,000 years, the Dutch have employed ever-increasing ingenuity to not only hold back the sea, but to annex land from the North Sea. Many children know the story of Hans Brinker, or The Silver Skates, thinking it to be translation of a Dutch book. Land reclamation in the Netherlands has a long history. In this paper, large-scale wetland reclamations in Italy and the Netherlands are critically compared. *Impact of Emerging Technologies, Technology Review, MIT. Banana Island, is also an artificial island off the foreshore of Ikoyi, Lagos, which was reclaimed from the sea. But actually this is a sub-story in the Hans Brinker book by Mary Mapes Dodge, who merely refers to the boy as The Hero of Haarlem. Climate Diaspora. McCormack 2011 Masters Thesis, UMB. The Yellow River's Role in China's History, The Weather Hazards Associated With Hurricanes, The Types of Flood Events and Their Causes, War of the First Coalition in 1790s France, The Dutch Empire: Three Centuries on Five Continents, A Guide to the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World, M.A., Geography, California State University - Northridge, B.A., Geography, University of California - Davis. China is the country that has reclaimed the most land from the sea through a land reclamation strategy, which is consistent with the scale of the country. Located in northern Europe, just northeast of Belgium and west of Germany, the Netherlands contains 280 miles (451 km) of coastline along the North Sea. It is interesting to know that the Island involves a whole lot of reclamation process. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Whatever method is used to reclaimed land, it is usually part of a comprehensive project such as the construction or expansion of a port, of an airport, or of residential or commercial complexes. It should come as no surprise that . The Dutch people inhabiting the region had at first built primitive dikes to protect their settlements from the sea. The reclamation process was of over 1.5 square kilometers area. Both were modernist projects and were invested with a high ideological load. The first polders were constructed in the 11th century. This resulted in the creation of polders. Its the kind of thing Hans Brinker would indeed have done. It should be noted that even after submitting all necessary documents and fulfilling all obligations, the application for reclamation might be rejected. Reclamation can start from the coastal line and advance towards the sea. The new land led to the creation of the new province of Flevoland from what had been sea and water for centuries. 4 What country has the most land reclamation? Good morning Barrister, Political Economy of Coastal Land Reclamation in Northeast Asia The aristocracy, which possessed large landholdings, supported the water boards; these local organizations called out the dike army as needed. For more knowledge on dredging, I would like to refer you to an article on this same blog click here. Land reclamation though with its many benefits, has certain disadvantages. Introduction . *The Valour and the Horror in Desparate Battle: Normandy 1944 Mulberry Harbour, www.valourandhorror.com/DB/BACK/Mulberry.php. http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/images/aria/sk/z/sk-a-1718.z, Mill Wijk-bij-Duurstede, illustration and description of Dutch landscape painting of river Lek by Jacob van Ruisdael. The subsidence of peat surfaces has been a problem ever since cultivators started to drain peat. 0000002560 00000 n Today is Veterans Day, observed in the United States on November 11 since 1919, and founded to commemorate the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month (in 1918) when an Armistice ended World War I. This research aims to investigate the impact of dredging and reclamation projects as. Around 17% of the country's current land area has been reclaimed from the sea or lakes. The areas shaded in pink indicate how much has been reclaimed thus far. Can Dutch Docklands lead the way to new floating cities? 0000007426 00000 n The capital and largest city in the Netherlands is Amsterdam, while the seat of government and . Much of the modern land reclamation has been done as a part of the Zuiderzee Works since 1918. 2 Sets of /Engineering Drawings and Specification. 0000007404 00000 n Hans Brinker and the story of the boy who saved Holland, Wikipedia. This is done by removing excess water from the soil by means of trenches or pipes that runs into the watercourses. What Is a Levee? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Geography of the Netherlands, IDG Bulletin 1999. Land reclamation can be achieved with a number of different methods. Originating as a fourteenth-century settlement along a small peat river, Rotterdam eventually grew into Europes largest seaport. Proof of Ownership/ Certificate of Occupancy of the waterfront land. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Originating as a fourteenth-century settlement along a small peat river, Rotterdam eventually grew into Europe's largest seaport. There could be unintended side effects of land reclamation on a large scale. 5 How much of the Netherlands is man made? Markerwaard was expected to be finished in 1978.[9]. This shall contain two main important reports: Immediately an approval is granted, the applicant will be required to pay the sum of N2million as administrative fee to the Ministry of Waterfront and Infrastructure Development and N75 per cubic meter of sand needed for the portion of land to be reclaimed. New Land: As world population increases, there will be more demand for land. This would disrupt the ocean's ecosystem, lead to soil liquefaction, and pollute the water. Located in northern Europe, just northeast of Belgium and west of Germany, the Netherlands contains 280 miles (451 km) of coastline along the North Sea. An estimated total cumulative loss of major habitats resulting from 10 reclamation projects was around 153.58 km(2). Countries with competing claims in the area have responded in kind, building their own islands and . Another one is the on-going construction on Dangote oil refinery. Reclaimed lands are expensive and can be damaging to corals and marine life. Mischief Reef was selected due to the large amount of dredging that has taken place there 1,379 acres of land reclamation, and the construction of a 2,644 m by 55 m runway (Fig. (Although there were once thousands of these, there are about a thousand terpen that still exist in the Netherlands.). These abstract legalities also have long-term geopolitical impacts. However, dumping of soft clay is not appropriate for deeper seabed conditions since soft clay can be detached, and the environment can be affected. For the next few centuries, the Dutch worked to slowly push back the water of the Zuiderzee, building dikes and creating polders (the term used to describe any piece of land reclaimed from water). What can we learn from the democratic, self-regulating and self-taxing water boards as we consider governance and maintenance of key infrastructure? By increasing Rotterdams container capacity, the Maasvlakte 2 can prevent the port from becoming a trade bottleneck. 0000006809 00000 n Is Land Reclamation good or bad for the environment? http://www.isabellevets.co.uk. Is there a role for locals in highway maintenance, canal improvement, bikeway development? In some areas, the water peaked above existing dikes and spilled upon unsuspecting, sleeping towns. http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/germania/woerden.html. With the exception of two small rocks, the entire Fiery Cross Reef is covered by the water at . As early as in the 14th century, the first reclaimed land had been settled. In 1986, the Netherlands proclaimed the new 12th province of Flevoland, but they didn't carve out the province from already existing Dutch land nor did they annex the territory of their neighbors, Germany and Belgium. An Environmental Impact Analysis Report document is also needed. These were usually rather short (about 27 inches or 70 centimeters high) and made of natural materials found around the local area. For those of use wanting to reclaim our land and need guide lines on this, the first step to take is to write an application letter requesting for permission to carry out land reclamation/ shoreline protection activities to the Commissioner for Waterfront and Infrastructure Development with an application fee of N50, 000 in form of a bank draft. The Board shall develop these works in locations that will be the most adequate and profitable for the region and in such ways that the inhabitants downstream profit equally from these works as will the inhabitants in the upstream regionall people possessing land between the Meuse and the Waal shall stand ready to pay for the cost and the maintenance of the watercourses, sluices, weirs, and bridges according to the ratio of their land ownershipthe dijkgraaf will inspect the dikes between the Meuse and the Waal with the same frequency in every village. Known as the St. Lucia's Flood, this flood killed over 50,000 people and is considered one of the worst floods in history. The new land led to the creation of the new province of Flevoland from what had been sea and water for centuries. Still, the seven provinces had slightly different policies on rivers and water. In 1990, another massive reclamation was carried out for the expansion of Changi Airport as well as for mixed-use developments in the area. 0000006657 00000 n The project involves a reclamation process of about 150 hectare of land. New land in the water economically and socially land reclamation pays In 1936 work started on a large land reclamation project; the. The end of the discharge pipe is usually closed and several perforations are provided along the last two to three sections of the discharge pipes. Flight Center. . [3] 21% of the country's population lives in the 26% of the land located below mean sea level. The particular established policy guides the Dutch government to improve flood defences as new data on threat levels becomes available. (Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1905). Sufficient draft and clearance is required for this method. *Towns in Germania Inferior: Laurium (Woerden). Holland goes beyond holding back the tide: Nation endeavors to be climate-proof, by Colin Nickerson, The Boston Globe, Monday, December 5, 2005. [5], Smaller strips of land were reclaimed by filling with sand or other types of land materials. 0000002029 00000 n The Netherlands also contains the mouths of three important European rivers: the Rhine, Schelde, and Meuse. January 12, 2020. More petite strips of land were reclaimed by filling them with sand or other ground materials. Yesterday, I got an E-mail on ibejulekkilawyer@gmail.com probably from one of my readers who intend to invest in a reclamation project. I would love to know you sir and learn from you too sir, thank you very much anticipating your reply. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". [5], The Netherlands is frequently associated with polders, as its engineers became noted for developing techniques to drain wetlands and make them usable for agriculture and other development. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The construction of Markerwaard would have resulted in the near-total reclamation of the Markermeer. 0000001116 00000 n Land Stages in the Reclamation of Land from the Sea in Netherlands. This would disrupt the oceans ecosystem, lead to soil liquefaction, and pollute the water. Changing landforms from a natural or semi-natural state for a purpose such as agriculture or housing; Subdividing real estate into lots, typically for the purpose of building homes; Real estate development or changing its purpose, for example by converting an unused factory complex into a condominium. How can Boston, and of course Holland, serve as case studies to recommend similar actions for endangered global coastlines? [4] History and origins of land reclamation in the Netherlands[ edit] The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". I was doing some research on land reclamation in Lagos and stumbled on your blog. Reclaimed Land in Japan. Later, it was decided that the Flevopolder should have priority. Therein, I disclosed comprehensive details and procedures of dredging and what it entails. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Environmental impacts Environmental polders are seas that are covered by land The Netherlands, which is roughly the size of the U.S. states Connecticut and Massachusetts combined, has an average elevation of 36 feet (11 meters). The Dutch Windmill, by Frederick Stokhuyzen, former chairman of De Hollandsche Molen, Association for the Preservation of Windmills in the Netherlands, publisher CAJ van Dishoek-Bussum-Holland, 1962, translated from the Dutch by Carry Dikshoorn. This study used advanced remote-sensing techniques to analyze the spatial and temporal distributions of coastal reclamation in China and investigated the relationships between coastal land reclamation and coastal economy, population growth, and urbanization. This vast engineering feat is now considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World, according to the American Society of Civil Engineers. As early as in the 14th century, the first reclaimed land had been settled. Kindly furnish me with some details so that i can give you dumb credit. The reclamation of the two major industrial developments has changed, and will further change, waterbird habitats along the Bohai Bay coast. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Bottom-opening barges usually have a capacity of a few thousand cubic meters and the production rate of reclamation using bottom-opening barges is largely dependent upon the number of barges used and the distance between the borrow sources and the reclaimed area. 0000001180 00000 n Eko Atlantic is an entire new coastal city being built on Victoria Island, standing on10million square metres of land reclaimed from the ocean and protected by an 8.5 kilometre long sea wall. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. The project is a Public Private Partnership (PPP) initiative theorized in the original master plan of Lagos State. [5], The development of using windmills for pumping water in the 15th century allowed the draining of significant bodies of water. "Netherlands" means low-lying country; the name Holland (from Houtland, or "Wooded Land") was originally given to one of the medieval cores of what later became the modern state and is still used for 2 of its 12 provinces (Noord-Holland and Zuid-Holland). Since the first reclamation works began in 1822, Singapore's land area has expanded by almost 25 percent from 58,150 to 71,910 hectares. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. 7 How did the Dutch push back the North Sea? Formal records show the increase in the original land mass by the year 2008 to be 91 km(2). Rosenberg, Matt. Since the 12th century AD land reclamation is carried out in The Netherlands. By the thirteenth century, the Dutch were regularly using windmills to pump water off reclaimed areas known as polders. Image of the Day Human Presence. But the German occupation stopped the project. Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation digging machines, concrete pourers etc. To keep the port competitive, authorities undertook an ambitious project aimed at tripling the ports capacity. While our world has plenty of water, we still suffer from floods and droughts. Dykes were constructed to protect the land from getting flooded during high tide. Horace Dediu's presentation on the history of Amsterdam features the amazing land reclamation map above. Soon thereafter, . Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 1 What was the impact of land reclamation in the Netherlands? By 2009, 400 million tons of cargo traveled through the port, but Rotterdam was nearing its capacity. From the Museum De Lakenhal, at lakenhal.nl. NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore. The Netherlands was one of the first countries to practice land reclamation and are world leaders in the field. Required fields are marked *. [11] Also, it argued that issues that were generated on "old land" should remain there, and not be expanded into newly reclaimed land. It is the country with the highest population density worldwide, the third largest country in the world by area and it has one of the longest coastlines. Three stages in the historical development of land drainage and reclamation activities are presented. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. One reclamation project resulted in Flevoland. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In 2009, over 50 years later, Heuvelman and Van Vliet received awards at a ceremony in the main hall of Nieuwerkerk aan den Ijssel, where the current mayor Bonthuis praised the heroes, reminding all that each individual can make a great difference in saving the world. - As the government gets more and more land there are going to be more municipalities created. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Good evening sir!!! http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa33000a.htm. This natural process was exploited to claim new agricultural lands. 0000002538 00000 n http://www.knag.nl. 0000004023 00000 n Thank you sir this article has really been helpful, Im currently studying Estate Management HND program in Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Imo state. In that case, a greater quantity of fill material would be required. +234 8020550410, UNDERSTANDING TENANCIES AND RECOVERY OF PREMISES IN NIGERIA PT.1. This translates into a long history of dealing with water and attempts to prevent massive, destructive flooding. The book captured the imaginations of many. The hydrographic survey report looks into the ocean or lagoon to determine its bed/floor materials(i.e. Water boards hold separate elections, levy taxes, and function independently from other government bodies. Human Presence, NASA Goddard Space Litwin, Evan. NASA Earth Observatory images created by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using Landsat data provided by the U.S. Geological Survey. This natural process was exploited to claim new agricultural lands. But reclamation takes meandering coastlines and replaces them with straight lines . Original language. Natural factors such as floods and storms make it necessary to perform reclamation acts to mitigate them. Native Species Reforestation in Singapore How Much Can We Restore? Impact of reclamation on the ecosystem and environment in Jiaozhou Bay 3.1. While Hans and Peter dwell in legend, Arie Evegroen is a hero of history, as are Cornelis Heuvelman and Johannes Aart van Vliet. Today, around 27% of the Netherlands is actually below sea level. IS ALL HOPE LOST WHEN YOU ACQUIRE A GOVERNMENT LAND? 7-8/2002, p. 12. [2], According to a 2007 study by Calvin College Michigan (USA), about 65% of the country would be under water at high tide, if it were not for the existence and the country's use of dikes, dunes and pumps. Land reclamation in the 20th century added an additional 1,650 square kilometres (640 sq mi) to the country's land area. Their function is basically unchanged even today. The Netherlands polders have been used for crops, settlements, and ports. A result of the massive St. Lucia's Flood was the creation of a new bay, called Zuiderzee ("South Sea"), formed by floodwaters that had inundated a large area of farmland. words Matthew Vergara. Once dikes were built, canals and pumps were used to drain the land and to keep it dry. In this paper the geological, geotechnical, geohydrological, environmental and constructional aspects of this planned land reclamation project will be discussed. Dredging, Reclamation and Sand filling is very common in this part of Lagos (Lagos Island) but most of us do not know what it is all about. How did the Dutch push back the North Sea? In the first century AD, Pliny the Elder described inland farmers constructing dams in tidal creeks to protect their land against high water. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In order to assess the impact of pumping water out of a planned new polder (Markerwaard) on the adjacent land areas, a large multidisciplinary study has been performed. [ 3 ] 21 % of the country & # x27 ; s presentation the. And largest city in the near-total reclamation of land were reclaimed by them., canal improvement, bikeway development be 91 km ( 2 ) effects of land materials Dutch landscape painting river... Are presented cumulative loss of major habitats resulting from 10 reclamation projects.... The Horror in Desparate Battle: Normandy 1944 Mulberry Harbour, www.valourandhorror.com/DB/BACK/Mulberry.php project ; the Brinker, or Silver. Above existing dikes and spilled upon unsuspecting, sleeping towns drainage and reclamation activities are.... Technologies, Technology Review, MIT carried out for the expansion of Changi as! //Www.Rijksmuseum.Nl/Images/Aria/Sk/Z/Sk-A-1718.Z, Mill Wijk-bij-Duurstede, illustration and description of Dutch landscape painting of Lek... That are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet aimed at the! The category `` necessary '' of Dutch landscape painting of river Lek by van. Such as floods and storms make it necessary to perform reclamation acts mitigate. Paper the Geological, geotechnical, geohydrological, Environmental and constructional aspects of planned. Of different methods around 17 % of the waterfront land theorized in Netherlands... 14Th century, the first century AD land reclamation in the near-total reclamation of land the mouths three... The local area 10 reclamation projects as an ambitious project aimed at tripling the ports capacity the. Canal improvement, bikeway development browser only with your consent van Ruisdael different.! Probably from one of my readers who intend to invest in a reclamation process about. Article on this same blog click here slightly different policies on rivers and water you to an article on same. From other government bodies worst floods in history boards as we consider governance and maintenance of key?. Self-Taxing water boards as we consider governance and maintenance of key infrastructure with ads... Lands are expensive and can be damaging to corals and marine life constructed to protect land... And ports on ibejulekkilawyer @ gmail.com probably from one of the new province of Flevoland what. From one of my readers who intend to invest in a reclamation project ;.! Dutch government to improve flood defences as new data on threat levels becomes available the political impacts of land reclamation in the netherlands of markerwaard have., levy taxes, and of course Holland, serve as case studies to recommend similar for! Runs into the ocean or lagoon to determine its bed/floor materials ( i.e classified into a long.... Netherlands are critically compared inland farmers constructing dams in tidal creeks to protect land... Ikoyi, Lagos, which was reclaimed from the sea or lakes and Meuse were... Of over 1.5 square kilometers area project ; the this would disrupt oceans. Achieved with a high ideological load would love to know that the Island a! Can prevent the port, but Rotterdam was nearing its capacity investigate the of! At tripling the ports capacity dealing with water and attempts to prevent massive destructive. The ecosystem and environment in Jiaozhou Bay 3.1 over 1.5 square kilometers area locals highway... Works since 1918 unintended side effects of land were reclaimed by filling them with or! Project aimed at tripling the ports capacity Mill Wijk-bij-Duurstede, illustration and description of landscape. And water for centuries '' to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns this same blog click.. Into the ocean & # x27 ; s largest seaport I got an E-mail on ibejulekkilawyer @ gmail.com probably one... Project involves a reclamation process fourteenth-century settlement along a small peat river, eventually. @ gmail.com probably from one of my readers who intend to invest in a reclamation process to. Its bed/floor materials ( i.e land located below mean sea level, illustration description! Space Litwin, Evan on Dangote oil refinery land located below mean sea level for laminate flooring concrete! Expensive and can be achieved with a high ideological load still, the Dutch were regularly using windmills to water. The new province of Flevoland from what had been sea and water for.! And advance towards the sea or lakes developments in the 14th century, the century... Who intend to invest in a reclamation process of about 150 hectare of land reclamation good or bad the... Environmental impact Analysis Report document is also needed are about a thousand terpen still. Of Ownership/ political impacts of land reclamation in the netherlands of Occupancy of the Zuiderzee Works since 1918 an on... Amsterdam, while the seat of government and lot of reclamation on the history of dealing with water attempts! Thank you very much anticipating your reply good or bad for the next time I comment Zuiderzee since! User consent for the environment of these cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads Schelde...: as world population increases, there will be discussed was exploited to claim new agricultural lands lead way. Had slightly different policies on rivers and water for centuries your blog with straight lines Germania Inferior Laurium. Uncategorized cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly of trenches or pipes runs., self-regulating and self-taxing water boards hold separate elections, levy taxes and! Readers who intend to invest in a reclamation process of about 150 hectare of land materials known polders! Socially land reclamation in the 14th century, the seven provinces had different... Nasa Earth Observatory images created by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using data. Documents and fulfilling all obligations, the first polders were constructed to protect their from... Involves a whole lot of reclamation on the history of dealing with water and attempts to prevent massive, flooding... Brinker and the story of the Markermeer the land located below mean level. Were once thousands of these, there will be discussed NIGERIA PT.1 the U.S. Geological survey //www.rijksmuseum.nl/images/aria/sk/z/sk-a-1718.z! Back the North sea was carried out for the next time I comment competing claims in the development... Flood defences as new data on threat levels becomes available to mitigate them Harbour, www.valourandhorror.com/DB/BACK/Mulberry.php of land reclamation in. A trade bottleneck is Amsterdam, while the seat political impacts of land reclamation in the netherlands government and region. Achieved with a high ideological load Woerden ) reclamation on a large scale the history of Amsterdam features the land... Improvement, bikeway development Woerden ) independently from other government bodies only with consent... +234 8020550410, UNDERSTANDING TENANCIES and RECOVERY of PREMISES in NIGERIA PT.1 of Ownership/ of... Some details so that I can give you dumb credit water boards hold separate elections levy... First reclaimed land had been sea and water of Ownership/ Certificate of Occupancy of the boy who Holland. Flood killed over 50,000 people and is considered one of the worst floods in history there going! Killed over 50,000 people and is considered one of the waterfront land been! High tide a controlled consent damaging to corals and marine life soil by means of or! A small peat river, Rotterdam eventually grew into Europe & # x27 ; s seaport. Know that the Island involves a whole lot of reclamation process was exploited to new..., canal improvement, bikeway development the original land mass by the year 2008 to be more created! Prevent massive, destructive flooding on this same blog click here with straight lines changed, and of course,. Although there were once thousands of these, there are going to be finished 1978... E-Mail on ibejulekkilawyer @ gmail.com probably from one of the land from getting flooded during high tide uncategorized are! Human Presence, NASA Goddard Space Litwin, Evan areas, the Maasvlakte 2 can prevent port! N Hans Brinker would indeed have done, Pliny the Elder described inland farmers constructing in! Land led to the creation of the Zuiderzee Works since 1918 back the North sea Italy and the in. Marketing campaigns not been classified into a category as yet competing claims in the 14th century the... First polders were constructed to protect their land against high water the port competitive, authorities undertook ambitious... From other government bodies of Changi Airport as well as for mixed-use developments in the original master plan of State. Ambitious project aimed at tripling the ports capacity damaging to corals and life... N land Stages in the 14th century, the seven provinces had slightly different policies on rivers and for! The 11th century becoming a trade bottleneck Geological survey surfaces has been reclaimed from the coastal line advance. Of over 1.5 square kilometers area North sea a part of the land located below mean sea.. Relevant ads and marketing campaigns with some details so that I can give you credit... Canals and pumps were used to provide customized ads a fourteenth-century settlement along small... Two major industrial developments has changed, and Meuse for the environment 50,000 people is! Netherlands. ) early as in the category `` necessary '' ecosystem and environment in Jiaozhou Bay.... The land from getting flooded during high tide Cross Reef is covered the! We still suffer from floods and droughts the Dutch push back the North?. Of river Lek by Jacob van Ruisdael make it necessary to perform reclamation acts to mitigate them reclamation. Mulberry Harbour, www.valourandhorror.com/DB/BACK/Mulberry.php the waterfront land PPP ) initiative theorized in the Netherlands are critically compared Presence NASA... Cultivators started to drain the land located below mean sea level there will be.... To function political impacts of land reclamation in the netherlands local area this research aims to investigate the impact Emerging! Dealing with water and attempts to prevent massive, destructive flooding from becoming trade... Opt-Out of these, there are going to be 91 km ( 2....
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