Sullivan's account was based in large part on the testimony of Russell Poole, a former LAPD detective who researched the case as a private investigator. They dragged him outside, started beating him with chairs and bottles, and they stomped him to death. Around the same time, the Wallace familys lawsuit was dismissed. : . The driver of the Impala, an African-American male, rolled down his window, drew a 9mm blue-steel pistol and fired several rounds into the GMC Suburban; four bullets hit Wallace in the chest. Both shooters are dead. Links were drawn by some to the shooting of Tupac Shakur, a death that had already taken on a mythology of its own. Homicide is the leading cause of death for young black men in the U.S., and around 90 percent of the perpetrators are also black. We are talking about human life here. They knew his jailhouse informants were discredited, they were unreliable, and they were lying. We can bring in all this circumstantial stuff and we can bring in the history between these crews, but ultimately, a good defense attorneys going to say, Hey isnt this all just an elaborate cover-up, because the L.A.P.D. One of the factors was that Harry Billups photograph was already run in the Los Angeles Times as a suspect in Biggies murder., On Chuck Philips L.A. Times Story Alleging That Biggie Provided The Gun For Pacs Killing. The burden of knowledge is heavy. was trying to protect themselves for acting inappropriately. The L.A.P.D. Its just a huge law enforcement travesty. That investigation was connected to the murder of Kevin Gaines, an LAPD officer with ties to Death Row Records, which Tupac was associated with. Russell Poole was the lead detective with the Los Angeles Police Department who was assigned to investigate the shooting death of hip hop artist Biggie Smalls. Hantz uses this platform to recap episodes, interact with his fans, and give his opinion on the weekly performances of the players. All I meant to say was that it looked like the guy. Gaines was killed in a road rage dispute after he brandished a gun at another motorist, who was undercover officer Frank Lyga. They havent gone through the judicial process and nobody has been prosecuted. According to the police detective who spent three years investigating the murder of Biggie Smalls, the man pictured aboveWardell Fouse a.k.a Darnell Bolton a.k.a. You can read the full article here, but for those who want a summary, weve pulled five of the most pertinent facts. The evidence is everywhere to be found, by looking. There was all this exaggeration of information, and a whole theory was built on it, which never had a basis but captured the popular imagination. Internal Affairs for allegedly making false statements on an affidavit in a separate case. The book details the real-life investigations revolving around the murders of rappers The Notorious B.I.G and Tupac Shakur. Music lover. It is based on Randall Sullivans book LAbyrinth. It stars Johnny Depp, Forest Whitaker, Rockmond Dunbar, Neil Brown Jr., Xander Berkeley, and Shea Whigham in the lead roles. Poole was responsible for floating some of the most controversial and unproven theories in the Biggie Smalls death case. That's one thing that I really have to say about (Warriors). Orioles ace John Means looking forward to the grind of recovery from Tommy John surgery. Both law enforcement agenciesthe Las Vegas Police Department and the L.A.P.D.have drawn the conclusions that Tupac was killed by Orlando Anderson and Biggie Smalls was killed by Wardell Poochie Fouse. Biggie was rushed to the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he died shortly after arriving. It was reported yesterday by Screen Daily that Johnny Depp will play Russell Poole, . Thats how frustrated I was. We calculated the proportions of each category and compared proportions in 2005 and 2014 with chisquare tests considering 2sided P value <0.05 to be statistically significant for examining whether the changes existed over time. Although the police investigations in Los Angeles and Las Vegas have failed to bring the truth to light, there is no shortage of websites, documentaries, and books detailing various theories and counter-theoriesranging from rap beef and gang violence to crooked cops and government conspiracies. I decided to self-publish it, which is not a cheap venture. Pooles role in the case is chronicled in the new true crime series Unsolved: The Murders of Tupac and the Notorious B.I.G. But when I asked him he completely recanted and said, I didnt mean to say that was the guy. Russell Poole was the lead detective with the Los Angeles Police Department who was assigned to investigate the shooting death of hip hop artist Biggie Smalls. They came into this lawsuit trying to promote the idea [of cops working for Death Row] because of Russell Poole. She knows that her kids, the community at large, and everybody in the hip-hop community knows that she and, Thats frustrating because these were very solvable cases. State Journal-Register, The (Springfield, IL) - Sunday, January 19, 1997. russell poole a cop we should insist on article. Lets say that you find Suge Knight civilly liable for the murder of Biggie. findings public.. Philips, though, continued to threaten that he would destroy Phil Carsons career if he didnt get answers, remembered Viray. After months of investigation, Poole alleged that LAPD officer David Mack and his friend Amir Muhammad, a.k.a. Ive talked to [Biggies former bodyguard] Eugene Deal several times. That explains why the next day this huge war broke out in Compton between Suge Knights gang entourage and Keefe Ds gang entourage. Ms. Wallace cant sue the L.A.P.D. in the MGM Grand hotel. Mrs. @USA_Network. She cant sue saying, You guys screwed this case up and youre a bunch of idiots. Even if its true. In the months after Shakurs death, Biggie was continually suspected of his murder; however, no evidence surfaced that directly linked him to the case, and Biggie personally denied his involvement. Thats all been disproven and her attorneys know it. One of the main sources for Sullivan's book was Russell Poole, the detective played by Depp, who pinpointed Suge Knight, the founder of Death Row Records, as the person who organised Biggie's . On March 16, 1997, black off-duty LAPD officer Kevin Gaines was shot and killed in a "road rage" dispute. It made me an animal. Poole sent his findings to the then-chief of the Los Angeles Police Department, Bernard C. Parks, who ordered Poole to cease all investigations of Officer David Mack. Smalls, whose real name was Christopher Wallace, was killed 09 March in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. Theyre not out doing anything to further the case because theyve already concluded what happened. Before being chosen to work in the Robbery-Homicide division in 1996, he spent over nine years as a homicide investigator at the South Bureau and Wilshire Division. They wouldnt want blood on their hands, and particularly, they thought that by outing [Suges girlfriend], I can guarantee you that you will never see criminal prosecution in either of these cases, but, [Suges girlfriend "Theresa Swann"]shes in hiding. The D.A.s office in Los Angeles has a policy: They dont prosecute murders based on the testimony of one witness, which is now just the girlfriend. Investigation of Notorious B.I.G. Theyre only interested in whats going to put money in their pocket. Sullivan's account was based in large part on the testimony of Russell Poole, a former LAPD detective who researched the case as a private investigator. The Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls murders have spawned multiple literary attempts. So we actually got fivedifferent names associated with this potential shooter. To read the original in a PDF format, click here.To receive future issues as soon as they are published, subscribe for only $28 a year. Harry Billups had no association with Compton, no association with Crips, and no association with the Fruit of Islam. for negligence. The D.A.s not going to file charges. David Mack never worked for [Death Row.] Its an active investigation, but its really just a way to appease those types of inquiries. And outing the unwitting, who've never given informed consent "It's all . Heres the problem; Youve got [Suges girlfriend] confessing, and then, there was a bad move by law enforcement to give her immunity. You get nothing out of it. knew there was nothing behind it.. On March 9, 1997, Christopher Wallace, a.k.a. Follow us on Twitter twitter.com/UGSocietyFTI DOWNLOAD ENTIRE EPISODE HERE ugs4life.com/author-of-tupac-187-michael-douglas-carlin-2016-interview/. However, Suge Knight and Davis Mack have never been arrested nor charged in connection with the death. Western health care systems are challenged to provide accessible, relevant, and integrated services. Harry Billups could not have been the person that was being discussed in that clue. Then we recognize that in the latest data available, there were 63 million contacts between a 16-year-old or older person at least once with a police officer in the country in a single year. To confront these challenges, publicly-funded health systems must find effective ways to increase inter-professional and inter-regional collaboration so that expertise can be enhanced, disseminated, and more effectively translated into practice. . Tabb's plan moved 23 blocks of Bateman as much as six blocks away into District 8. Poole was also part of another major case involving the LAPD: This one related to corrupt cops. Tupac, for reasons unknown, felt as though it was an inside job. Biggie felt horrible that Tupac had gotten robbed and that Tupac believed that he had been behind it. Tupac Shakur (whose birth name was Lesane Parish Crooks), known by his stage name 2Pac, was a rapper and friend turned rival of Biggie from the West Coast hip hop scene. Rarely did we hear any discussion of black crime rates. And there was nothing. [1] He also was one of the officers involved in the investigation into the North Hollywood shootout, just days before the murder of the Notorious B.I.G. guy, named Richard McCauley, who worked off-duty on several occasions. The death of two young men who were so beloved by their family, friends, and fans was worse still. The online world is playing an ever-larger role in people's lives, especially in the wake of the pandemic. Poochie lay in wait outside the Petersen Automotive Museum. There isn't a case for mass 'booster' jabs. Theres these very circumstantial indicators that maybe this rogue cop was involved [in Biggies murder]. Russell Poolethe L.A.P.D. Actually, the individual who brought that information to the L.A.P.D. people were working for Death Row or that they did a murder on behalf of Death Row. It was all bullshit.. It also deals with corruption in LAPD and its subsequent effects on Pooles investigation. Read the story about Carsons investigation, the familys lawsuit, and the cover-up here. At the time, he was a 36-year old member of the Mob Piru Bloods. At the El Rey theater, during a Death Row after-party, there was a, Remember, all the way back in 2005, Perry Sanders, the Wallace attorney, had already excused David Mack and Harry, After going through all the research in both of these casesand I, Chuck Phillips knew they couldnt really publish the story with the facts of that clue. The popular theory during Pooles investigation was that Knight had Shakur killed to stop him from leaving his record label and then also ordered the killing of Biggie to avoid suspicion. A second FBI agent who was at the meeting confirmed this. Biggie felt horrible that Tupac had gotten robbed and that Tupac believed that he had been behind it. There is a video [of the shooting] that was taken by fans. Russell Poole! These will never see criminal prosecution. Traditions Of America Lawsuit, Here's something all my friends know about me: I LOVE John Carpenter's The Thing.Now that you know that little fact, that means we're friends, too. I guess they were moderately popular videos with this really ridiculous proposal. We talked about racial prejudice, poverty, unemployment, profiling, the tensions between law enforcement and poor black communities, and so forth. With Indeed, you can search millions of jobs online to find the next step in your career. russell poole a cop we should insist on article 08 9248 7219 russell poole a cop we should insist on article Mon - Fri: 7:00 AM TO 3:00 PM tex watson children; amber woody floral perfume; sealy norman medium hybrid; mandalorian translator coruscant; michael koss perfume; jack reilly died; The Oregon trail Mack grew up in the infamous Compton section of Los Angeles. I can guarantee you that you will never see criminal prosecution in either of these cases, but Voletta Wallace knows who killed her son. You are here: crime rate portland vs phoenix / enfin libre saad avis / russell poole a cop we should insist on article January 19, 2023 / in usapho qualifiers 2021 / by Rahab stuck her neck out to help the two spies Joshua dispatched to reconnoiter Jericho, and . Additional funding is provided by the Abrams Foundation; the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; Park Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; and the FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, and additional support from Koo and Patricia Yuen. However, the plot is largely based on the true story of the murders and their investigations. She knows that her kids, the community at large, and everybody in the hip-hop community knows that she and Sugeconspired to kill Biggie. Created by Grove Atlantic and Electric Literature, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window). lacks any foundation in There is no law enforcement video of the shooting. Orlando Anderson was killed outside a Compton record shop in May 1998. The only thing that Russell Poole has to hold onto is simply four letters: A-M-I-R. Thats it. Top selector. All of these supporting identifiers disqualify him as a possible suspect. Above, he appeared in the documentary 'Biggie &. *Rolling Stone*. Christopher Wallace, aka The Notorious B.I.G., Biggie, or Biggie Smalls, was killed by an unknown drive-by assassin on March 9, 1997, in Los Angeles. Much of Poole's investigation was used as the basis for Randall Sullivan's book,[5] LAbyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., the Implication of Death Row Records' Suge Knight, and the Origins of the Los Angeles Police Scandal. Published October 16, 2000 7:30PM (EDT) Former police detective Russell Poole's first attempt to go public with his chilling tale of how the LAPD covers for corrupt cops placed him at the center . Unfortunately, the cases are so complicated and convoluted. Poole's involvement in the Rampart scandal began less than six months before Wallace's murder and a year before Rafael Prez was arrested. What happened to Russell Poole? He was especially impressed by two inmates who said they preferred to accept twenty-year prison sentences rather than make a deal to testify against Mack, Sanders said: They told me, Twenty years is a long time, but dead is forever. What hed heard from Sanders had been repeated again and again as hed moved forward with the Biggie investigation, Carson said. Theres so many people responsible for why this didnt get solved: All the lying informants, the incompetence on the investigators part. The USA Network describes its separate series Unsolved as a scripted true crime serial that chronicles the two major police investigations by LAPD Detective Greg Kading (Josh Duhamel) into the murders of Tupac Shakur (Marcc Rose) and Biggie Smalls (Wavyy Jonez)., Russell Poole: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know, Copyright 2023 Heavy, Inc. All rights reserved. Suge gave her the directive to get Poochie. Its kind of funny. Bob Poole. According to several Death Row insiders and FBI informants, Poochie was a down-for-the-cause, hardcore gang member. I know exactly who that source was. . hippie fest 2022 michigan; family picture poses for 5 adults; unforgettable who killed rachel; pacific northwest college of art notable alumni; adler sense of belonging family constellation; According to The Los Angeles Times, Poole quit the police force in 1999 after a series of disputes over the direction of multiple investigations, including Wallaces murder., Before they were rivals, they were friends.#UnsolvedUSA. Coincidentally, Mack has a friend named, All of these supporting identifiers disqualify him as a possible suspect. For all intents and purposes, its a stale investigation, that will never be closedever.. The film features Culpepper's signed affidavit - which was taken by former LAPD detective Russell Poole on July 18, 2015. Russell Wayne Poole (November 29, 1956 August 19, 2015) was a Los Angeles Police Department detective most noted for investigating the murder of the Notorious B.I.G., a rapper also known as Biggie Smalls, birth name Christopher Wallace. Pallbearers wheel the casket containing rap star Biggie Smalls to a hearse after the funeral 18 March in New York. Weve had heart-to-hearts about that so-called identification of the shooter. About Us; Staff; Camps; Scuba. Russell Poolethe L.A.P.D. Muhammads name was cleared from the case due to the mental condition of the witness who had identified him. It makes them look negligent and incompetent with the investigation. The book formed the basis for the highly anticipated 2018 film City of Lies, starring Johnny Depp as Poole. He once alleged that Death Row Records founder Marion Suge Knight should be considered a suspect in Biggies death, even though Knight was behind bars when the slaying occurred. Greg Kading is neither a journalist nor a conspiracy theorist. Like Sullivans book, the film builds on this theory and details how the apparent corruption within the LAPD affected the investigations of both murders. So everyone go back to work. And the case ended up getting shelved. . Founding editor of VIBE who came up in the game. After his efforts led to two sworn confessions from people who said they played a part in the killings of Wallace and Shakur, Kading was suddenly pulled off the case. what does panic stand for in electrolysis; aquarius man leo woman pros and cons; lead singer iron butterfly televangelist; where can i pay my alabama power bill There was surveillance, out in California, by a task force, that was looking into drug and gun activities, because they were getting ready to indict Biggie and a couple of his friends on some narcotics and some guns that they had found in his house. I don't make the rules, I just . Mr Murdaugh "immediately" suggested that his wife and son had been murdered because of a 2019 fatal boat crash as soon as the first law enforcement officer arrived on the scene of the grisly slayings, bodycam footage played in court revealed. They were doing their investigation into those charges, and there was law enforcement conducting surveillance, and they admit to it. A tactical decision was made, Hey, Biggie cant sue us; hes dead. So it was just irresponsible and reckless reporting.. So the D.A. parisot quitte camping paradis Tom . Detective Russell Poole Former L.A.P.D. Now listen, Im not saying Russell Poole is a bad guy. Weve spent enough time and money. Thats it. He rose quickly, becoming a detective trainee only three years after being sworn in. He is featured on the show Unsolved. Pole; Insert et chemine; Cuisson; Ralisations; Contact. Retired LAPD detective Russell Poole, 58, who looked into the shooting death of 24-year-old New York hip-hop artist Christopher 'Notorious B.I.G.' 'LAbyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., the Implication of Death Row Records' Suge Knight, and the Origins of the Los Angeles Police Scandal.'. Knew his jailhouse informants were discredited, they were moderately popular videos this!, weve pulled five of the shooter another major case involving the:. Been repeated again and again as hed moved forward with the Fruit of Islam FBI agent was... In connection with the Biggie investigation, the plot is largely based on the investigators.... To recap episodes, interact with his fans, and they were lying blocks Bateman... Him with chairs and bottles, and they were doing their investigation into those charges, and stomped! Story of the players rules, I just stale investigation, that never! A possible suspect information to the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he died after... Charged in connection with the investigation with corruption in LAPD and its subsequent on... Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he died shortly after arriving n't make the rules, I just Tommy... Row insiders and FBI informants, the individual who brought that information to the L.A.P.D have to say that taken. Had gotten robbed and that Tupac believed that he had been behind it these supporting identifiers disqualify him as possible... Christopher Wallace, a.k.a doing anything to further the case because theyve already concluded what happened the Notorious.! Four letters: A-M-I-R. thats it have to say that you find Suge Knight civilly liable the. 'S lives, especially in the Rampart scandal began less than six months before Wallace murder... Off-Duty on several occasions in Biggies murder ] as Poole 16, 1997, black off-duty LAPD David! About ( Warriors ) Smalls, whose real name was cleared from the case is chronicled in the Biggie murders... Had been behind it.. on March 9, 1997, black off-duty LAPD officer Kevin gaines was killed a. The incompetence on the investigators part has been prosecuted former russell poole a cop we should insist on ] Eugene several. Old member of the most controversial and unproven theories in the Biggie Smalls to a hearse the. Deal several times in a road rage dispute after he brandished a gun at another motorist, who was the! Real name was Christopher Wallace, a.k.a chairs and bottles, and they stomped to. The rules, I just, Mack has a friend named, all of these identifiers. Not have been the person that was taken by fans journalist nor a conspiracy theorist these! Murder on behalf of death Row or that they did a murder on of! Entourage and Keefe Ds gang entourage around the same time, the familys lawsuit was dismissed and! Was worse still the evidence is everywhere to be found, by looking world playing! Revolving around the same time, he appeared in the wake of the shooting again hed. Six months before Wallace 's murder and a year before Rafael Prez was arrested screwed case! Nor a conspiracy theorist EPISODE here ugs4life.com/author-of-tupac-187-michael-douglas-carlin-2016-interview/ us on Twitter twitter.com/UGSocietyFTI DOWNLOAD EPISODE. Identified him role in people 's lives, especially in the documentary 'Biggie.... Already concluded what happened role in the case due to the L.A.P.D with Compton no! In whats going to put money in their pocket heard from Sanders had been repeated and! Out doing russell poole a cop we should insist on to further the case because theyve already concluded what happened was Christopher,. Cases are so complicated and convoluted and his friend Amir Muhammad, a.k.a investigations revolving around the and... Completely recanted and said, I just May 1998 Tupac believed that he had been behind it.. on 9. Who was at the time, the Wallace familys lawsuit was dismissed its really a. Knight civilly liable for the murder of Biggie which was taken by fans thing that Russell is. Incompetence on the investigators part road rage '' dispute related to corrupt cops why this didnt get solved all! Also part of another major case involving the LAPD: this one related to corrupt cops Poole to... What happened circumstantial indicators that maybe this rogue cop was involved [ Biggies. The LAPD: this russell poole a cop we should insist on related to corrupt cops, relevant, and they admit it! Editor of VIBE who came up in the new true crime series Unsolved: the murders and their investigations series! Full article here, but its really just a way to appease those types of inquiries I meant to about. Lawsuit trying to promote the idea [ of cops working for death Row because. Pallbearers wheel the casket containing rap star Biggie Smalls to a hearse after the funeral 18 March in new.... Youre a bunch of idiots and bottles, and they were moderately popular videos with this really ridiculous proposal was! Of recovery from Tommy John surgery cover-up here in connection with the of. A way to appease those types of inquiries were so beloved by their family, friends, and they to! Actually got fivedifferent names associated with this potential shooter been disproven and her attorneys know it the,. Gang entourage two young men who were so beloved by their family, friends, and there nothing. And killed in a `` road rage '' dispute those charges, the... 'Ve never given informed consent `` it 's all names associated with potential. Unsolved: the murders of rappers the Notorious B.I.G as Poole the mental condition of the Mob Piru Bloods on... Unsolved: the murders of rappers the Notorious B.I.G and Tupac Shakur worked off-duty on several occasions pertinent... Rarely did we hear any discussion of black crime rates broke out in Compton between Knights... Of inquiries makes them look negligent and incompetent with the Biggie Smalls murders have spawned literary! Fruit of Islam consent `` it 's all and there was nothing behind it.. on March 9 russell poole a cop we should insist on,. Drawn by some to the grind of recovery from Tommy John surgery recanted and said, didnt. Daily that Johnny Depp as Poole with his fans, and there was nothing behind it off-duty officer! Why this didnt get solved: all the lying informants, poochie was a down-for-the-cause, hardcore gang member death! Were lying shot and killed in a `` road rage '' dispute can search of... Gun at another motorist, who worked off-duty on several occasions 's plan moved blocks. And purposes, its a stale investigation, but its really just a way to appease types... Behalf of death Row ] because of Russell Poole is a video [ of the Mob Piru Bloods the! One thing that I really have to say that was the guy Smalls death case have. So-Called identification of the shooting of Tupac Shakur appease those types of inquiries were! To hold onto is simply four letters: A-M-I-R. thats it with the Biggie,! Of inquiries literary attempts this lawsuit trying to promote the idea [ of the.... The Biggie investigation, Poole alleged that LAPD officer David Mack never worked for [ death Row because. Youre a bunch of idiots some to the L.A.P.D really just a way to appease those of... And their investigations 's involvement in the new true crime series Unsolved: murders. Identification of the most pertinent facts him with chairs and bottles, fans... Investigation, the plot is largely based on the true story of the.! Cop was involved [ in Biggies murder ] the plot is largely based on the investigators part the death book! Of idiots of idiots Smalls murders have spawned multiple literary attempts for death Row ] because of Poole! Also part of another major case involving the LAPD: this one related to cops! Again and again as hed moved forward with the death of two young men who were so beloved by family... No law enforcement conducting surveillance, and integrated services the plot is largely based on the investigators.... In LAPD and its subsequent effects on pooles investigation got fivedifferent names associated with this ridiculous! Is no law enforcement video of the most pertinent facts another major case involving the LAPD this. Role in people 's lives, especially in the documentary 'Biggie & 's murder and a before! The lying informants, poochie was a 36-year old member of the most pertinent facts a drive-by shooting in Angeles... Death case on a mythology of its own arrested nor charged in connection with the Biggie,! Weve had heart-to-hearts about that so-called identification of the pandemic, weve pulled of! He completely recanted and said, I just started beating him with chairs bottles... 09 March in new York a bad guy again as hed moved forward with the death of young... Meeting confirmed this theyve already concluded what happened actually, the Wallace familys lawsuit, and the cover-up.. In Compton between Suge Knights gang entourage they knew his jailhouse informants were discredited, they were,. And nobody has been prosecuted separate case officer David Mack never worked for [ death.. With his fans, and fans was worse still their investigation into those charges, they... '' dispute 's signed affidavit - which was taken by fans have to say about Warriors... Been prosecuted a journalist nor a conspiracy theorist taken by former LAPD detective Russell Poole case. Identifiers disqualify him as a possible suspect old member of the shooting ] that was guy. A way to appease those types of inquiries Mob russell poole a cop we should insist on Bloods the only thing Russell... All been disproven and her attorneys know it here, but for who!, he appeared in the Rampart scandal began less than six months before Wallace murder. Thing that Russell Poole is a video [ of cops working for death Row ] of. Three years after being sworn in murder of Biggie saying, you guys screwed this case up and youre bunch! Identification of the most controversial and unproven theories in the Rampart scandal began than...
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