Zapysky. "It was often their first contactwith whites," he told DW. the Poland - Soviet Union Border during 1945 -1950 Post By: June 29, 2022. physical features of sri lanka 0 Comment Jun 29, 2022 . Children were taken care of by the Polish Red Cross and residents of Bombay. All content published on this website is covered by a. The aim was a contented and reasonably self-contained community: the Poles had to be given a sense of purpose, wrote Rennie Montague Bere, a Cambridge University-educated colonial officer in Uganda who was in charge of the two refugee camps. Organisation and regulations of the camps in East Africa . One of the administrators lived in a building that also had a community centre where films were shown. 3 prymirnyky. One of them was a cook in the hospital and worked with the local natives in the kitchens, writes Elizabeth Taylor, in her 2012 book Next Stop to Siberia about the members of her family who were deported to Russias Siberian Gulag labour camps and who were later exiled to East Africa. Just in the city of Bydgoszcz, for example, Germans murdered about 10,000 non-Jewish civilians in four months of occupation. As the new border between the postwar Poland and the Soviet Union along the Curzon Line (requested by Stalin at Yalta) has been ratified, the ensuing population exchange affected about 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews) as well as close to half a million ethnic Ukrainians. Overall, during German occupation of pre-war Polish territory, 1939-1945, the Germans murdered 3,900,000 to 6,400,000 Poles, probably about 5,400,000, including near 3,000,000 Jews.7, According to the German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees, and War Victims, 9,575,000 Germans lived in these eastern territories in 1939 10 (about 15 percent of Germany's population). A Catholic church was constructed for the deeply religious Poles. Recently, there has been renewed interest among historians and local authorities to highlighting the role of East Africans in the Second World War. They settled in transit and permanent camps in the British colonies of Uganda, Kenya, and Tanganyika. Arrested Polish gentiles were to be turned over to the Germans for execution. recruited families willing to take in a hundred orphans. Metiuk, Hryhorii. diseases acquired in the Soviet Union which continued to rob the refugees of Ukrains'ki hovirky u Pol'shi. Archives in New York, English version. In January 1944, the Polish staff in all East African camps had been reduced. [8], The fate of the deported Poles improved in mid-1942, after the signing of the SikorskiMayski agreement. his evil empire. Rhodesia, Gore Browne, expected only around 500 Polish refugees on his territory. They were housed in the Polish Children's Camp located in Pahiatua. There was spinning, weaving, dressmaking, basket making with raffia from the wild palm trees in the forests, carpentry and metal-working. Approximately 600 Polish refugees were taken to Abercorn in contingents. Living in Africa was very difficult for the Poles who were unfamiliar with local customs and languages and were not used to tropical weather. The church was built at the centre of the settlement using local materials and papyrus thatch. Several camps were opened in and around Bombay, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed. Houses made of clay, in the heart of Africa. The listing of refugees is not complete, because new waves of refugees were constantly flowing in. The British agreed to evacuate Polish civilians from Iran and presented a plan for the placement of refugee settlements. The dead were buried at various graveyards in East and Southern Africa. ul. The second group (726 refugees including 408 children, mostly orphans) to arrive on the USS Hermitage that fall were also quarantined, this time in a U.S. army camp near Los Angeles called Santa Anita. [15] The single man has not been traced; the woman, Josefa Bieronska, moved to South Africa with her children. Unable to return to war-torn Poland, some 116,000 Polesliving in the Soviet Union were evacuated to Iran, which had been invaded by the Anglo-Soviet alliance. Roma J. Czech, a dental hygienist in the UK, recalls a little of her mothers time in the displaced persons camps in Kenya. These countries included: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwow Parstwowych (NDAP) It appeared in the "Miedzy Nami" in one of Canadian newspapers He reveals them in his book "Flight Across the Sea." There were sports teams, a choir and activities groups. Some of them went on to emigrate to the United States, Argentina, Canada, France and Australia. He was assisted by the camp manager appointed by the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. The date is May 2000 and it comes z Wac?awem Potockim w Montresor, Migration expert Julia Devlin agrees with Durand's findings. Lesiv, Mykhailo. page http://www.archiwa.gov.pl/, PIASA: http://www.piasa.org/polisharchives.html There was also a simple apprenticeship system for the youth. Copies of Haller's Army UNHCR also aims to improve durable solutions such as local integration opportunities and increase public awareness of refugees and asylum issues. T.3. While Gen. Anders' troops were subsequently transferred to Palestine and from there to Iraq, the civilians remained in Iran. It was in Nairobi, the Kenyan capital, where the exiles got their first glimpse of Africans close up. [11] Polish soldiers and civilians who left stayed in Iranian camps at Pahlevi and Mashhad, as well as Tehran. The settlements were divided into sections and groups, and the heads of departments of education, pastoral care, health care, culture and work were appointed. Care had been taken in planning the settlement to avoid giving it the look of a military barracks. Six years of war brought many changes to familiar festive rituals. The campsite at Nyabyeya, some 30 kilometres east of Lake Albert, was desolate. Some of them went on to emigrate to the United States, Argentina, Canada, France and Australia. On November 1, 1944, USS General George M. Randall (AP-115) arrived at Wellington, with 733 children on board. Posted on . Zjednoczonych (1941-1942). Witness History speaks to one of them. I will never forget the journey on trucks through the mountains from Ashgabat to Tehran. Scouting was popular. In November 1947, the action of reuniting military families began, thanks to which about 9,500 people left Africa. Dyrektor mgr Krzysztof Patek Altogether, some 35,000 parachute and glider troops were involved in the operation. ; ; ; [][][]; (); 1/2; In 1940-41, several hundred thousand citizens of the Second Polish Republic were deported deep into Soviet Russia, which, as a result of aggression with Nazi Germany, occupied the eastern part of Poland after September 17, 1939. This operation was complicated, time-consuming and cost-intensive, especially in the conditions of the ongoing war. On August 1, 1946, the financial responsibility for the maintenance of Polish settlements was taken over by the United Nations Administration for Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and from July 1947 by the International Refugees Organization (IRO). Many Poles left Iran for India, thanks to the efforts of Polish consul in Bombay, Eugeniusz Banasinski. Dyrektor dr. Hubert Wajs, The State Archive in Przemysl Historian Erik Lindner takes a long look back to discover answers to this question. Moreover, even while in Iran, although debriefed, the refugees were not encouraged to speak about their experiences in the Soviet Union with outsiders. According to one of the evacuees, Wanda Ellis: The hunger was terrible, we did not get a loaf of bread a day, as we had in Siberia. "[12], In 1942, about 120,000 refugees from Poland began their exodus to Iran from remote parts of the Soviet Union. The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. Further Polish transports went to India by sea, from the port of Ahvaz to Bombay. Jewish Ghetto Police were to arrest non-Jews who made purchases in stores exclusively designated for the Jews or brought merchandise or food with them. Wherever they went the Polish refugees encountered effusive good will not only on the part of the respective governments that invited them but also on the part of the native populations. Regards, Richard P. From Videofact International, Documentary Press, here is Part 1: [3] Thanks to a remarkable reversal of fortune well over 110,000 Poles, including 36,000 women and children, managed to leave the Soviet Union with Anders' Army. The first group of an estimated 17,000-19,000 Polish refugees arrived in Africa around 1942. [19], The first Polish refugees came to Palestine in summer 1942. US membership $20; Canadian membership is $25. Zahal'na biblioteka. The costs of maintaining the settlements were covered by the British authorities towards the debt of the Polish government and the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare reporting to the government in exile in London. 492s. [4] Among those who remained in the Soviet Union, about 150,000 Poles perished before the end of the war. Even before the 1941 deportations, it was already agreed that the evacuees were going to East Africa only for "a special or temporary purpose." The housing was primitive: dwellings made of clay, with roofs made of grass and banana leaves. is the first part of Prof. Piotrowski's lecture on the subject of deportations, In 1944, the prime minister of New Zealand, Peter Fraser, agreed to take a limited number of Polish orphans and half-orphans, whose parents had died either in Soviet Union or Tehran, or whose fathers had fought at the front. Some went directly to Israel, but others to the African camps, says Anita Cwynar, whose aunt, Wiktoria Cwynar, is buried at Ifunda, in the Iringa region of Tanzania. Polish underground courts prosecuted traitors and criminals during the war. However, in October 1946, the Secretary of State in London pronounced that refugees who could get a job in the area for at least 6 months, or had a sum of money sufficient to sustain themselves, could stay. http://www.mapywig.org/m/wig500k/MAPA_POLSKI_1_500_000_KRAKOW_11.jpg, From Statistics Of Poland's Democide: Addenda* By R.J. Rummel Korespondencja w sprawie pomocy charytatywnej, zaproszenia Some exiles also found asylum in India in transit camps set up in Quetta, Mount Abu, Panchgani, Bandra, and in and near Karachi (such as the Country Club Camp, Haji Pilgrims Camp, and the Malir Camp). from Canada Contact our Media sales & Licensing team about access. There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. Residents were associated in a number of cultural and sports associations. 65s. Maria Gabiniewicz spent six years in Africa, at a camp in Bwana Mkubwa, Northern Rhodesia: "To us, it all looked like a scene from Henryk Sienkiewicz's book In Desert and Wilderness. That the Western Allies knew all about the deportations is clear from their relief efforts in their behalf in the Soviet Union and the Middle East. Language--U. Vinnipeh, 1969. There she met her husband, a Pole and a survivor of the Majdanek concentration camp. Their travel and settlement in British protectorates around the world was made possible by the combined efforts of the British government and the Polish government-in-exile in London as the Second World War raged in Europe. Ukrainian Catholics and Orthodox in Poland and Czechoslovakia. Furthermore, there were schools in Egypt, at Tall al Kabir and Heliopolis. Animal husbandry was also popular as a chicken farm and piggery (the pride of the settlement) were later established and would produce hams and highly spiced Polish sausages. centr. Gdansk: http://www.ap.gdansk.pl/english/linki/poland.php, The Archives of New Records She was a young girl so her stories were quite magical: That they swung from vines, had confrontations with boa constrictors and that actually [the camps] were mud huts. Czechs grandmother, two aunts and an uncle named Zygmunt, were also housed in the displaced persons camps in Nairobi and Mombasa. A smaller-scale evacuation to Ashkhabad-Mashhad followed, including the large and final group of civilians. The second world war was not fought to save the Jews. The cooking was done in a large kitchen situated in the middle. Pages available in the www.gov.pl domain may contain e-mail addresses. Unlike the Soviet Union, these were, after all, ancient civilized cultures. Language--U. Varshava. Several scout groups, schools, training centers, a Women's Auxiliary Service, and an Officers' Legion were established. Since 1989, the number of people applying for refugee status in Poland has risen from about 1,000 to 10,000 each year; about 1-2% of the applications were approved. T.6. From 1942 to 1950, nearly twenty thousand Poles found refuge from the horrors of war-torn Europe in camps within Britain's African colonies, including Uganda, Tanganyika, Kenya and Northern and Southern Rhodesia. t.3/4, 1995. After the hell that we survived, Tehran was a different world. In Kenya, they were located in Rongai, Manira, Makindu, Nairobi, and Nyali near Mombasa. It is not only near Poland's 500-kilometre border with Ukraine where citizens are keen to show their solidarity with the refugees. And more. Some had to travel by land to Ashgabat. (Vydano u spivpratsi z Fundatsiieiu Doslidzhennia Lemkivshyny. list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia. At first, they were transported to the town of Bandra, in the suburbs of Bombay, where Hanka Ordonwna took care of the kids. W arsaw, P oland The refugee center that Dr. Tade Daniel Omoshoto set up in a southwestern residential neighborhood of Warsaw doesn't look like much . At Isfahan Polish orphanage, a children's camp was opened, where 2,300 children and 300 adults stayed and eight elementary schools were created. In the first stage, more than 30,000 military personnel and about 11,000 children left Krasnovodsk (Turkmen SSR, present-day Turkmenistan) by sea for Bandar Pahlavi. Together, they immigrated to Canada. They ended up in Iran, India, Palestine, New Zealand, and British Africa, as well as in Mexico. . He still gets goose bumps when he looks at the footage today. Notable for their diversity, the Polish refugees were a mix of Catholics, Protestants and Jews, and several pictures exist of them happily mingling with assorted tribesmen and locals. (0-17) 326-84, 326-70 A commandant usually a British official stood at the head of the administration of each of the settlements. the deportees until the invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany on June Another transport arrived at the Mombasa port in Kenya on September 19. Her son died young due to an accident; her daughter still lives in South Africa with her grandchildren.[16]. On the Edges of Whiteness tells their improbable story, tracing the manifold, complex relationships that developed among refugees, their British administrators, and their African . During World War Two, close to 20,000 Polish people found refuge in African countries. Altogether, 257,660 citizens of the Second Polish Republic (190,942 adults and 66,718 kids) received the passports; 1,583 refused and were sent either to prisons or gulag. Korespondencja w sprawie pomocy dla uchodzcw. Copies of Another quarter of a million were repatriated to the "recovered territories" of The British people were now resigned to the fact that Hitler had to be stopped by force. 20sm. That was when Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed a non-aggression pact that divided several eastern European. One of the largest refugee groups in Africa was some twenty thousand Polish people, who stayed from 1942 to 1950 in 20 refugee camps spread over Britain's African colonies. She hoped we would return to Poland some day. Language--U. Varshava, There's lots more.Continue on with Poland page 2. A large Polish settlement was also founded in Mexico. Political Migrations on Polish Territories (19391950). Adamem i Iza Zamoyskimi, Zofia, Janowa,Tarnowska, oraz w sprawach Within a few weeks, the Soviets invaded Poland from the east. Try roky tr'okhlittia Arkhypastyrs'koi pratsi Ilariona, Arkhyiepyskopa Kholms'koho i Pidlias'koho. The 'Market Garden' plan employed all three divisions of First Allied Airborne Army. Father Waclaw Zajaczkowski even itd. During the second evacuation, 69,247 persons left the Soviet Union, including 25,501 civilians (9,633 children). ul. And none of these monstrous figures even include civilian and military combat or war-deaths. Abdi Latif Dahir. Unfortunately, due to bad health conditions caused by the poor living standard in the Soviet Union and the hardships of traveling, more than 2,100 people (5.7% of the total) died in Iran due to dysentery, typhoid, malaria and diseases caused by malnutrition. 7a Polish refugees in Middle East (1942-47) . 68p. Own farms were run. Only about 3,800 Polish refugees from Africa decided to repatriate to the country, which accounted for about 20% of the total. Later on, scouting teams were organized. Gore Browne, expected around 500 Polish refugees to arrive from the Middle East. She wanted us to go either to India or Africa, as it was closer to Europe. After the Polish Army had left the Soviet Union, the attitude of the Soviets towards the remaining Poles worsened. Hitler's orders issued at this crucial moment had nothing to do with the extermination of Jews, however these orders were a retaliation for derailment by the Poles of Hitler's strategy to conquer the Euro-Asian Heartland.. According to a January 15, 1943, note from Beria to Stalin, 389,041 Polish citizens were freed as a result of that "amnesty.". their lives even after liberation (over 2,000 refugees died in Iran alone). Ukrainian Studies Fund. On the left, smiling and with her arms crossed that was my grandmother," says Durand. With a few days, Germany invaded Poland, triggering World War 2. The settlements in Koja and Tengeru ended their activities only in the second half of 1952. People kept their own gardens, with vegetables. Dluga 7 Refugees in Poland were, until 2022, a relatively small group. After the completion of the evacuation, there were over 110,000 Polish citizens in Iran. On March 19, 1942, General Wadysaw Anders ordered the evacuation of Polish soldiers and civilians who lived next to army camps. In August 1945, the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419, of which . The Polish refugees who were going to East Africa were shipped from Iran, or taken from Iran to India and shipped from an Indian port, to different African destinations. 4. In November 1947, the action of reuniting military families began, thanks to which about 9,500 people left Africa. It lasted until 16 January 1943, at which point it was effectively revoked. It had a clubroom, a hospital, and a gym. Polish Children's Camp was financed by the government of New Zealand, with help from Polish Government in Exile, based in London. T.5. The expected end of the war limited further evacuations. http://lemko.org/genealogy/addresses.htm, Records from the Central PHOTO | UGANDA NATIONAL ARCHIVES. When Canadian Jonathan Durand traveled to Africa for the first time as a 20-year-old, he experienceda strange sense of being at home, an odd feeling for a young white man. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II, in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact against Poland, the Soviet Union acquired more than half of the territory of the Second Polish Republic or about 201,000 square kilometres (78,000sqmi) inhabited by more than 13,200,000 people. and intellectuals.3 Some 4,254 of these were uncovered in mass graves in Katyn Forest by the Nazis in 1941, who then invited an international group of neutral representatives and doctors to study the corpses and confirm Soviet guilt.4 For more about Katyn, see: VHO.org. They had survived deportation to the Soviet Union, forced . In 1941, the tables were turned when Germany invaded the Soviet Union, forcing Russia to join the Allies. Language--P. Varshava, 1990. by Polish, British, American, and Iranian authorities soon improved their Polish evacuees had to travel by train to Krasnovodsk, where they took a ship across the Caspian Sea to Iran. Locals from Tengeru and the Poles even sometimes celebrated mass together, said Devlin, the head of the Center for Flight and Migration at Germany's Catholic University of Eichsttt-Ingolstadt. This site was spectacularly located on a peninsula jutting out into Lake Victoria. This number does not include those shot for failing or straying out of line during deportation, or disobeying an My two aunts lived in Koja Camp for several years and spoke of their time there with great affection. In Tanganyika, the largest settlement was Tengeru (it had 4,000 refugees) and smaller camps were located in Kigoma, Kidugala, Ifunda, Kondoa, and Morogoro. The settlement was financed by the Polish Government in London and by American institutions, including the National Catholic Welfare Conference and the Polish American Council. South Africa, South Rhodesia, and North Rhodesia also became the home of Poles. We were transported on board a warship, through Persian Gulf. The next transfer took place in 195559, after Stalin's death.[21]. Here's a map that shows . By the end of 1943, 33,000 refugees were transferred from Iran to other countries. Each slice of bread had to be stolen or gotten in any other way. ch.1-4, 1988; ch.1-2, 1989; ch.1-2, 5-6, 1990; 8, 1994. A hundred kilometres west in the town of Lublin, a small Red Cross centre is overflowing with donations from people eager to help. From Abercorn a single woman with a daughter and a son, whose father had gone missing in the war in Europe, and one male were allowed to stay. The Indian government agreed to host 10,000 Polish refugees, including 5,000 orphans. Southern Rhodesia, then a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom that is located in the now-independent Zimbabwe, entered World War II along with Britain shortly after the invasion of Poland in 1939. 8a Soviet reoccupation of the Borderlands (1944-45) 8b Repatriation (1944-47) The Polish refugees who were going to East Africa were shipped from Iran, or taken from Iran to India and shipped from an Indian port, to different African destinations. The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. Warszawa Poland, The Head Office of State Archives papers in Archiwa IJP, Polish version, http://dione.ids.pl/~ijp/pol/aog4.html or Polish well as for the formation of a Polish army on Soviet soil. The British did not have the intention of keeping the Polish refugees in East Africa when it was decided to take them there. By genocide, the murder This meant that all remaining Poles were re-granted Soviet citizenship and received Soviet passports. The largest of these settlements were: in the Union of South Africa Oudtshoorn; in North Rhodesia Abercorn, Bwana M'Kubwa, Fort Jameson, Livingstone, and Lusaka; in South Rhodesia Digglefold, Marandellas, Rusape, and Gatooma. Some of the women, however, became understandably worried at the thought of life in Africa. They were going from Kigoma to Dar es Salaam and from there by ship to the United Kingdom, where their next of kinoften husbands and sons who had been fighting in the warwere getting courses and training for civilian jobs. executed in cold blood in Katyn, Kharkov, and Kalinin in April and May 1940. History and implementation 4.2. Pictures taken at Nairobi station, when hundreds of refugee Polish women and children, deportees rescued from Soviet captivity in Siberia, passed through on their way to build a new life in Uganda. They were coming from the Middle East. Hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens were forced to leave their homes at a moment's notice and were transported in cattle cars to Siberia, Kazakhstan, and other distant parts of Russia. 37-700 Przemysl List: Red Cross Polish Refugees The list of Polish refugees residing in areas of East Africa and Rhodesia was prepared by the Polish Red Cross in Nairobi in 1943. Society volunteers offer a limited research service to members for a reasonable The last Pole, Mr. Edward Wjtowicz, was buried in Tengeru in 2015. Wanda Nowoisiad-Ostrowska, quoted by historian Tadeusz Piotrowski (The Polish Deportees of World War II), remembered that Abercorn camp was divided into six sections of single-room houses, a washing area, a laundry, a church, and four school buildings with seven classes. The last Pole, Mr. Edward Wjtowicz, was buried in Tengeru in 2015. Approximately 90% of them were non-Jewish Poles, with most of the remaining ones Jewish. Marunchak, Mykhailo (1914). The KNBS CPI showed cabbages, carrots and sukuma wiki were among food items whose prices significantly. Migration to and from countries in Southern Africa 1 is driven largely by the pursuit of economic opportunities, political instability and increasingly, environmental hazards. Przemyslu Poland, The State Archive in Rzeszow Archiwum about one in ten of all adult males,1 and murdered. 00-263 Warszawa centr. [7] The categories of civilians first targeted by the NKVD included court judges, civil servants, staff of municipal governments, members of the police force, refugees from western Poland, tradesmen, forestry workers, settlers, and small farmers, as well as children from summer camps and Polish orphanages, family members of anyone arrested by the NKVD, and family members of anyone who had escaped to the West or had gone missing. World War II. There was a kindergarten, a men's school, a women's school, and a middle school. They had travelled via Russia, Persia, the Middle East to East Africa where, together with other Polish refugees they will build their own settlements. In August 1942, two schools were created, for younger (aged 8-15) and older scouts. Records. Includes index. After a short stay, they too were dispatched across the border to Colonia Santa Rosa. The first stop of the refugees evacuated with Anders' army was Iran, where they found temporary quarters in large transit camps initially located in Pahlavi and Mashhad, and later in Tehran and Ahvaz. The details concerning processing of personal data by each unit can be found in their respective policies concerning the processing of personal data. From a transit camp near Beirut they were sent to more permanent quarters such as those located in Ghazir, Zauk Michael, Ajaltoun, and Boladoun. Young Polish women living in exile in Uganda in the 1940s, as the Second World War raged in Europe. A few hundred people remained in Tanganyika. A Polish press, located in Palestine and Iran, printed the much-needed educational materials used in refugee schools throughout the Middle East. Polish Genealogical society of America http://www.pgsa.org/. Among them 1,000,000 were children under eighteen years of age 1. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). In time, various Polish institutions, including 24 schools serving some 3,000 students, were established in Iran and several. Canadian membership is $ 25 in 2015 Mr. Edward Wjtowicz, was.. Some day AP-115 ) arrived at Wellington, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where stayed... Koja and Tengeru ended their activities only in the city of Bydgoszcz, for younger ( 8-15. Cross and residents of Bombay many changes to familiar festive rituals to accident! 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Uganda NATIONAL ARCHIVES civilians in four months of occupation Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed a pact! For the Jews children under eighteen years of war brought many changes to familiar festive rituals various graveyards East... 33,000 refugees were taken care of by the government of New Zealand, Kalinin... Africa when it was closer to Europe border to Colonia Santa Rosa hovirky u Pol'shi our Media sales Licensing!, in the second half of 1952 whites, '' says Durand, which. ; the woman, Josefa Bieronska, moved to South Africa with her grandchildren. [ 16.... He told DW financed by the government of New Zealand, with help Polish... Through the mountains from Ashgabat to Tehran Arkhyiepyskopa Kholms'koho i Pidlias'koho to an accident ; her daughter lives! These countries included: Kenya, and a Middle school in Northern Rhodesia was,... 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